Resilience is defined in different ways by different disciplines and different authors, but in general, resilience may be defined as the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner. Resilience is applicable at the micro level as well as macro level. Therefore, it is sometimes defined as the ability of an individual, a household (i. e., micro level), a community, a country or a region (i. e., macro level) to withstand, cope with, adapt, and quickly recover from shocks without compromising long-term development. In this paper economic resilience is defined as the capacity of an economy to resist shocks and withstand the effects of a shock and to avoid the shock altogether. The paper tries to follow the UNDP procedure in presenting Human Development INDEX. Thus, the same procedure will be followed to provide an Economic Resilience INDEX (ERI). This resilience INDEX will be applied for a group of developing countries including Iran, and the findings will be analyzed.

According to definition of European Environment Agency, drought is a recurrent feature of climate and it cans occur in any range of rainfall, any area and any season (Hughes, 2002, 1572). That is one of the natural dangerous enemies of mankind.Therefore, recognition, review, analysis and forecasting the occurrence of drought is vital for some of human activities. In this study, in addition to analysis of drought (Frequency, Intensity and Strength indices), the repetition of drought spells have been forecasted over Urmia Lake Basin located in the North Western region of Iran. In order to do this, first, the annual precipitations have been spatially normalized in the course of period 1961_2005 to make use BMI INDEX. After that, the intensity of wet and dry periods was categorized to develop PDRI EMPIRICAL INDEX in two classes. At the next stage, the time series were applied for drought prediction through SARIMA family models of relevant monthly precipitations forecasting have been implemented by means of SPSS software and according to the most appropriate models for the next 24 months (to 2007). Finally, corresponding the predicted sums, the severity ranks of humid or drought years have been determined. Our study showed that annual precipitation rate is normal approximately with increasing trend over mentioned Basin in 2006-7. On the other hand, the chief of humid and drought years have been interrupted with durability less than a year.

Correlations between different parameters are used extensively in geotechnical engineering. Using correlations reduces the costs of testing and more speeds in determining the geotechnical properties of soils. Various relations have been proposed to evaluate geotechnical properties in different regions across the globe. Correlations facilitate the evaluation of geotechnical properties. The correlation between different parameters depends on the type of the soil and the experimental method. Considering the fact that these relations depend on local soil properties, using these relations for other regions is contingent upon a careful evaluation. This study evaluates the feasibility of using correlations presented by researchers in different years for Tehran clay. The evaluation uses different statistical criteria. The study shows the Bowles (1979) relation, correlating the soil compression INDEX and the initial void ratio, is the best fit for Tehran clay among the studied correlations. In addition, the quality of the correlations can be evaluated for Tehran clay. Correlations between the soil compression INDEX and initial void ratio often estimate the compression INDEX with acceptable accuracy while correlations between the compression INDEX and other geotechnical properties, such as the initial water content, plasticity INDEX, shrinkage INDEX, the liquid limit, and the soil density, are less accurate.

Background and objectives: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. Conventional electro diagnosis studies have been useful in the diagnosis of this condition. The Terminal Latency INDEX (TLI) is a derived neurophysiological value that adjusts the Distal motor Latency (DL) for the terminal distance and motor nerve Conduction Velocity (CV).Several studies have suggested utility of the median TLI for diagnosis of CTS.The goal of this study is to evaluate prospectively the sensitivity of the median TLI in the diagnosis of CTS and compare it with other electrodiagnosis techniques.Material and Methods: This study was done on 111 patients as CTS group & 62 healthy subject as control group. In all groups five selected tests of electrodiagnosis were done and all of them were compared with TLI sensitivity.Results: The mean TLI was 0.3±0.05 in the CTS group and 0.42±0.03 in the control group. The sensitivity of TLI was 73% The TLI wasn't statistically better than the other tests, but in three cases from the CTS group, the TLI was the only abnormal test.The 7 and 14 cm method had meaningful sensitivity in contrary to other tests.Conclusion: The sensitivity of TLI has no meaningful difference with other routine electro diagnostic tests in diagnosis of CTS.The median TLI is a useful but not more sensitive electrodiagnostic test for CTS.

Introduction: Three methods of OCRA INDEX, Strain INDEX (SI), and ACGIH HAL have been proposed for the assessment of risk factors of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Investigating the correlation and consistency of these three methods are of prominence importance in the workplaces. Thus, this study aimed to determine the correlations of the results of the above mentioned methods. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 tasks were studied in four industries. For each task, a video taping of a full working cycle was prepared and evaluated according to the instructions of each method. The level of risk exposure to musculoskeletal disorders was analyzed with correlation and Kappa agreement coefficient tests using SPSS (version 16) and R software packages.Results: The correlation between the results of risk assessments of OCRA and SI methods for right and left hands were acceptable and equal to 0.751 and 0.726, respectively (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the coefficients of agreement between OCRA and HAL methods for left and right hands were 0.526 and 0.595, respectively.Conclusion: These findings partly confirmed the agreement between the methods of risk assessment. The origin of this partial agreement can be the number and type of variables and their impacts on the final score of the methods.

Introduction: J.E.Hirsch introduced H INDEX to scientometric domain, representing actual scientific profitability quality of a researcher’s publications; and is equal to effective INDEX for researchers. Literature review: Studies showed that documents database have provided different H scores for each researcher and for different scientific fields. Despite the utmost advantages of H-INDEX it also have some flaws such as need to use complementary indices such as m, r, g INDEX. Conclusions: The strength point of H INDEX, is its ability to use in limited levels which is an complementary for other bibliomeetric exist INDEXes. This INDEX, with others, could be a suit INDEX to improvement scientific levels for researchers, scientist, and scientific board members.